11,000 B.C. AT TULE SPRINGS
The modern continents were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene, the plates upon which they sit probably having moved no more than 100 km relative to each other since the beginning of the period. [NP] According to Mark Lynas (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous El Niño with trade winds in the south Pacific weakening or heading east, warm air rising near Peru, warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers.
11,000 B.C. - Holocene Period - "The Holocene is the name given to the last 11,000 years of the Earth's history - the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or 'ice age'. Since then, there have been small-scale climate shifts but in general, the Holocene has been a relatively warm period in between ice ages.
11,000 B.C. - Trivia / Gas Belts - "Gas belts could not form until after the rock above was too thick to raise and puncture. This occured about 12,500 to 13,000 years ago, so that mountains are of camparatively recent origin
11,000 B.C. - Species Extinction? - "... in different parts of the earth (for different reasons and at different times) the long epoch of glaciation witnessed several quite distinct episodes of extinction. In all areas, the vast majority of the many destroyed species were lost in the final seven thousand years from about 15,000 BC down to 8,000 BC. In the New World, for example, more than seventy genera of large animals became extinct between 15,000 BC and 8,000 BC, including all North American members of seven families, and one complete order, the Proboscidea. These staggering losses, involving the violent obliteration of more than 40 million animals, were not spread out evenly over the whole period; on the contrary, the vast majority of the extinctions occured in just two thousand years, between 11,000 BC and 9000 BC. To put this in perspective, during the previous 300,000 years only about twenty genera had disappeared.
"The same pattern of late and massive extinctions was repeated across Europe and Asia. Even far-off Australia was not exempt, losing perhaps nineteen genera of large vertebrates, not all of them mammals, in a relatively short period of time.
"The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia appear to have been the worst hit by the murderous upheavals between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. In a great swathe of death around the edge of the Artic Circle the remains of uncountable numbers of large animals have been found - including many carcases with the flesh still intact, and astonishing quantities of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks. Indeed, in both regions, mammoth carcases have been thawed to feed to sled dogs and mammoth steaks have featured on restaurant menus in Fairbanks. One authority has commented, 'Hundreds of thousands of individuals must have been frozen immediately after death and remained frozen, otherwise the meat and the ivory would have spoiled ... Some powerful general force was certainly at work to bring the catastrophe about.' "
11,000 B.C. - Egyptian Rock Art - "Rock art in the El-Hosh area of Upper Egypt has been firmly dated to at least 8,000 years old, making it the oldest artwork ever recorded in the Nile Valley. One of the samples, taken from a typical 'fish-trap' design, gave a radiocarbon date of about 5,900 to 5,300 B.C. This date provides a minimum-age estimate for the petroglyphs. It is estimated that the curvilinear designs are between 13,000 and 8,000 years old, well beyond the age of any other graphic activity known in the Nile Valley.
11,000 B.C. - Cave Art / France - "Archaeologists have discovered 13,000-year-old cave paintings that suggest prehistoric children were taught to draw by their parents. Researchers at the University of Cambridge have been able to match the pictures of mammoths, horses and other animals to individual children based on the size of the markings. Line decorations, created by a technique called finger fluting, also appear throughout the five-mile cavern network in Rouffignac, France. Some of the flutings appear high up on the walls and ceilings, suggesting the children sat on their parents' shoulders as they drew. [NP] Archaeologist Jess Cooney said: 'Flutings made by children appear in every chamber throughout the caves - even those that are a good 45-minutes' walk from the entrance. So far, we haven't found anywhere that adults fluted without children. 'In addition to the simple meandering lines, there are flutings of animals and shapes that appear to be very crude outlines of faces, almost cartoon-like in appearance.' [NP] Archaeologists first realised that children were creating the art in 2006.11,000 B.C. - Carved image / Florida - "Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
11,000 B.C. - North American Extinction? - "Reportedly, a mass extinction occurred in parts of North America and coincided with the growing population of Indian hunters."
11.000 B.C. - "Native Americans" / Ohio - So far, they've found and catalogued more than nearly 7,000 artifacts that were buried within two feet of the ground's surface. Most are pieces of pottery, tools, arrowheads and other objects used by Native Americans that began inhabiting this part of southwestern Hamilton County [Ohio] in 11,000 B.C.11,000 B.C. - Plentiful Wild Game / Ohio - "North-central Ohio's flat, almost featureless landscape is covered with fields of corn, soybeans, wheat, and alfalfa as far as the eye can see. But at Sheriden Cave, more than 32 feet below the surface, we have found remains of plants and animals that tell of a very different landscape at the end of the Ice Age, some 12,000 to 13,000 years ago. Then, there were spruce and pine parklands, open patches of grassland interrupted by occasional cedars, and shallow streams and wetlands bounded by willows and poplars. Some of the animals inhabiting this landscape - white-tailed deer, raccoon, woodchuck, and fox - are found in Ohio today, while others - caribou, pine marten, and lemming - were far south of their modern ranges. Most spectacular were the now extinct species, including short-faced bear, giant beaver, stag moose, and herds of pig-like peccaries. In this game-rich environment, a small band of hunters made use of the cave.
11,000 B.C. - Ancient Human Bones / North America - "In 1959, the partial skeletal remains of an ancient woman estimated to be 10,000 years old were unearthed in Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island, one of the eight Channel Islands off the southern California coast. They were discovered by Phil C. Orr, curator of anthropology and natural history at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The remains of the so-called Arlington Springs woman were recently reanalyzed by the latest radiocarbon dating techniques and were found to be approximately 13,000 years old. The new date makes her remains older than any other known human skeleton found so far in North America.
*Trivia: "In 1959-60, two femurs were excavated at a site called Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island. Responsible for the digs was Phil C. Orr, Curator of Anthropology at the Museum of Natural History in Santa Barbara. He published his findings in Science 135, 3499 (1962): 219 and American Antiquity 27, 3 (1962): 417-419, followed up by full account in Prehistory of Santa Rosa Island (Santa Barbara, 1968). Jon Erlandson reviews the evidence Orr collected at Arlington Springs in Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast (New York: Plenum, 1994), pp. 184-186. [....] The main discovery is that Arlington Springs Man was in fact a woman and significantly earlier than previously thought. Radiocarbon dating has moved Orr's estimate of 10,000 years ago back to 13,000 B.P."
10,970 B.C. - Equinox at Leo - "According to one report, the Age of Leo spanned from 10,970 B.C. to 8,810 B.C.
10,500 B.C. - Draco - In 10,500 B.C. Draco marked the north meridian when the Orion marked the south meridian (Graham Hancock, Santha Faiia, 1998) and Draco surrounded the pole of the ecliptic in 6,000 B.C. It is circumpolar at higher altitudes and rotates slowly around the north pole of the sky. 2.1 Alpha Draconis was 0.6 degree away from the heavenly pole in 2780 B.C. and this period corresponds to the Indus valley civilization. Approximately the time period from 10500 B.C. to 2500 B.C. can be understood as the Draco phase of the Indus valley civilization and possibly the Ursa Major phase followed the Draco phase. 2.6
10,500 B.C. - Giza Complex - "Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock argue that in 10,500 BCE, an advanced culture in Egypt decided upon the ground plan of the Giza complex.
10,500 B.C. - Jomon Period / Japan - "Japanese Jomon [cord pattern] Period [10,500-300 B.C.]."
10,500 B.C. - Stone-Age Egyptians? - "No one knows exactly why, but after about 10,500 B.C. the early sickle blades and grinding disappear to be replaced throughout Egypt by hunting, fishing and gathering peoples who use stone tools."
10,500 B.C. - Trivia / Human Skulls - "Reportedly, specimens of modern humans after about 10,500 B.C. have smaller craniums. Another skull coming from Ica [Peru] and Merida [Mexico] is equivalent to the modern skull type, but with several factors out of proportion. The eye sockets are about 15% larger than the ones of a modern man skull, but the most significant thing is the cranial capacity, that ranges between minimum of 2,600 and maximum of 3,200 ccm [our current cranial capacity is about 1,450 ccm!].
10,450 B.C. - Trivia / Giza Pyramids - "According to archaeo-astronomer Robert Bauval, the pattern traced out on the ground [in almost fifteen million tons of perfectly dressed stone] matched exactly the pattern in the sky [of Orion's belt] during the epoch of 10,450 B.C. Using a sophisticated computer programme capable of plotting the precessionally induced changes in the declinations of all the stars visible in the sky over any part of the world in any epoch, Bauval found that the Pyramids/Orion's Belt correlation was general and obvious in all all epochs, but specific and exact in only one: At 10,450 B.C. - and at that date only - we find that the pattern of the pyramids on the ground provides a perfect reflection of the pattern of the stars in the sky."
10,000 B.C.
10,000 B.C. - "The 10th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic period, which is the first part of the Holocene epoch. Agriculture, based on the cultivation of primitive forms of millet and rice, occurred in Southwest Asia. Although agriculture was being developed in the Fertile Crescent, it would not be widely practised for another 2,000 years The world population is estimated as between one and ten million people, most of whom were hunter-gatherer communities scattered over all continents except Antarctica and Zealandia. The Würm glaciation ended, and the beginning interglacial, which endures to this day, allowed the re-settlement of northern regions. The most recent glacial ended c. 10,000 BC, and the world entered a period of global warming.
10,000 B.C. - Mu Disaster - Reportedly: "Nearly the entire continent of Mu fell into the Pacific Ocean around 10,000 B.C. After the sinking of the Motherland Mu, all civilizations throughout the world either degenerated or came to a standstill, not only Egypt, but all others, including India.
*Trivia: "At the destruction of Mu, the King and High Priest of the Motherland, addressed the pleading crowds, saying: 'You shall all die together, you and your servants and your riches. From your ashes new nations shall arise and if they forget they are superior, not because of what they put on but what they put out, the same will befall them.
10,000 B.C. - Ruins / Bimini - "The ruins of temples dated at 12,000 years old have been found near Bimini, Bahamas. Preliminary analysis has revealed that the original structures, although smaller in size than the Great Pyramid of Giza, appear to have been more advanced. Casing stones have been measured which are of the same unique angle as those at the Great Pyramid. The ruins are megalithic and bear a remarkable resemblance to ancient sites in Egypt. So called 'quarry marks' found in the Aswan quarries and also on the Great Pyramid, itself, appear to be identical matches with those found on the Bimini temple stones. Other characteristics closely match features at megalithic sites in Peru, the Yucatan, Ireland and Scandinavia.
10,000 B.C. - Burma Disaster - "The ancient civilization of Burma was reportedly wiped out about 12,000 years ago, during the forging of various gas belts, and the raising of mountains."
10,000 B.C. - Glacial Decline? - "During this period 10,000 - 8,000 B.C., the last period of glaciation that Earth has experienced [=so far was drawing to its close. The glaciers were receding, and Earth's climate was beginning to approach what it is today.
"With the glaciers gone, great changes came about. The Sahara Desert, for instance, once a lush grassland, began to dry out and become a desert. The land-bridges joining Asia with North America in the north, and with Australia in the south, were drowned. The people, who had now occupied the Americas and Australia were separated from the main population on the World Island and would remain separated for over 9000 years. = large strands of wild grain grew throughout the Middle East.
To form an ice cap around the Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere down to the 40th Parallel, of a thickness of 20,000 feet, would require more water than now exists in the Artic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Where did the water come from? and where has it gone to since? The water which formed the Northern Ice Cap could not have come from the the South, because the South Pole was imitating her northern sister by dressing herself also up in an equally imposing ice cap. Between the two, there was more water used in forming these two lumps of ice than now exists on the face of the earth!
The earth has been subjected to two forms of cataclysms, arising from two distinct causes. First, the volcanic cataclysm arising from volcanic workings. These cataclysms affect local areas only. Second, the magnetic cataclysm, caused by a lurch of the earth going back into magnetic balance. A magnetic cataclysm results from the earth getting out of magnetic balance. The earth is out of magnetic balance when her pole gets drawn towards the sun more than 23 1/2 degrees from its mean position. When the pole has been drawn more than 23 1/2 degrees from mean, the earth's gyroscopical force carries it back at too great a velocity, which causes a displacement of the earth's surface waters. During the early part of the earth's history, magnetic cataclysms were of frequent occurence, as shown by various rock formations. They continued down to the end of the Tertiary Era, when the earth's crust had been so thickened and compacted that the earth went into the final magnetic balance.
10,000 B.C. - Sumer - "Although Mesopotamia was a world leader in numerous aspects from around 10,000 B.C., there appears to have been a very marked further advancement from about 4,000 B.C. when southern Mesopotamia became identified as Sumer and the truly municipal cities flourished. By that time they were formally recognized as city-states which operated as individual kingdoms, and it is the story of the amazing rise of Sumer which provides the very thrust of the patriarchal narrative in Genesis. This sudden cultural expansion was not simply a matter of general evolvement; it was a mighty technical and academic revolution which has long baffled scholars and historians worldwide."
10,000 B.C. - Iron Mine / Chile - "SANTIAGO – A mine from which a prehistoric culture extracted iron oxide 12,000 years ago was discovered in northern Chile by a group of archaeologists, El Mercurio newspaper reported Sunday. The find took place in the San Ramon ravine in 2008, although this is the first time that the archaeological team has revealed it publicly, and they say it could make an important contribution to the understanding of the prehistoric cultures that lived in the Taltal area, some 1,100 kilometers (682 miles) north of Santiago.The ancient people who exploited the mine were members of the Huentelauquen culture, which used iron oxide for ceremonial purposes, archaeologists said. This is the oldest mine discovered in the Americas, much older than one used 2,500 years ago that was discovered in the United States, University of Chile professor Diego Salazar said. In South Africa, a 40,000-year-old mine was discovered, in Australia there is one that was used 30,000 years ago and in Greece there is a 15,000-year-old mine, Salazar said. [NP] The Huentelauquen culture, which inhabited the area, was discovered in 1961 and to date very little is known about its members, who were nomadic hunters and gatherers but also lived from fishing and collecting shellfish. The exploitation of the mine “indicates the importance of religious activity in their way of life because iron oxide is not eaten, is not sold, is not bought,” and it was used as a coloring agent in religious rites, Salazar said. It has been determined that the Chinchorro mummies found farther to the north in the Arica area and whose age has been calculated at about 10,000 years were dyed with iron oxide, the archaeologist said.
10,000 B.C. - Thailand - "Over 10,000 years ago, man lived near the waterways in the north and central Thailand. Archaeological evidence of Neolithic settlements has been discovered in an area covering no less than 40 provinces. They include tools and decorative objects made of flint, bone and shells. Primitive paintings dating to this period exist in a number of caves."
10,000 B.C. - Antartica - "According to theorists, the continent of Antartica between 10,000 to13,000 yrs. ago drifted to its present location as the result of earth-crust displacement. The combined effect of the Piri Reis, Oronteus Finaeus, Mercator, and Buache maps is the strong, though disturbing, impression that Antartica may have been continuously surveyed over a period of several thousands of years as the ice cap gradually spread outwards from the interior, increasing its grip with every passing millennium but not engulfing all the coasts of the southern continent until around 4000 B.C."
10,000 B.C. - Villages and Towns - "From around 10,000 – 7,000 B.C. communities based on agriculture appeared in various places throughout the world. Excavations at Catal Huyuk in what is now Turkey, Teleilat el Ghassul in the Jordan valley, the Hussuna, Samarran and Halaf cultures of the Mesopotamian plain just to mention a few, all show conclusively that these early agricultural communities were well planned villages and towns, some with elaborate irrigation and even sanitation systems. One of the most striking features about these communities however, was the fact they were all built without any fortifications or defenses of any kind. And astonishingly these early cultures didn’t manufacture weapons of war.
10,000 B.C. - Ruins / Lake Titicaca - "There are stone 'ruins' more 'ancient' than the stone causeway leading out of Lake Titicaca. These 'ruins' are buried under six feet of 'sediment' on the shallow 'bottom' of Lake Titicaca. The sediment contains 'pre-historic' more ancient than 12,000 B.C. sea shell fossils.
10,000 B.C. - Egyptian Sphinx - "The Sphinx is supposed to have been built by Khafre around 2,500 B.C., but since the beginning of dynastic times - say 3,000 B.C. onwards - there just hasn't been enough rain on the Giza plateau to have caused the very extensive erosion that we see all over the Sphinx's body. You really have to go back to before 10,000 B.C. to find a wet enough climate in Egypt to account for weathering of this type and on this scale. It therefore follows that the Sphinx must have been built before 10,000 B.C. and since it's a massive, sophisticated work of art it also follows that it must have been built by a high civilization.
10,000 B.C. - Human Acticity / Cyprus - The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BCE. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an 'enhanced protection' status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world,[8] and is the site of the earliest known example of feline domestication.
10,000 B.C. - Nez Perce / North America - "The Nez Perce are a North American Indian people of the Sahaptin family. The name is from the French and means pierced nose. They lived in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, Washington and Idaho for some 12,000 years."
10,000 B.C. - Extinction / Flores, Indonesia - "Scientists think Homo Floresiensis was wiped out 12,000 years ago in a massive volcanic eruption that also killed off the island's pigmy elephants, said co-discoverer Peter Brown of the University of New England. In Flores [Indonesia], so far the oldest modern-human bones are 11,000 years old.
10,000 B.C. - Native Americans / Tennessee - "Reportedly, Native Americans lived in Tennessee about 12,000 years ago.
10,000 B.C. - Ancient Witch Doctor? / Sea of Galilee - "Archaeologists believe a 12,000-year-old skeleton found in a grave in the Sea of Galilee containing 50 tortoise shells, a leopard pelvis, a cow tail and part of an eagle wing is the remains of a witch doctor.
10,000 B.C. - Neolithic Temple / South-Eastern Turkey - "A Neolithic site in south-eastern Turkey is currently being excavated by archaeologists, who say it is likely the oldest temple in the world. [NP] The site first came into the archaeologists’ knowledge in 1986, when a farmer working the fields in Sanliurfa stumbled upon a statuette in the ground, according to the Radikal newspaper, cited by the United Press International Archaeological excavations since then uncovered the foundation of a 12,000-year-old Neolithic Age temple, as well as carvings of pigs, foxes, snakes, fawns and headless humans. The culture and belief system of the people who built the temple have yet to be identified by experts from the Harran University Archaeology Department, who are currently working on the excavations. Before them, the site was explored by German teams who excavated it in 1995. After it was placed on the Turkish Culture and Tourism Ministry’s first-degree protection list in 2005, however, the Ministry took control of the research. [NP] Until now, according to UPI, the world’s oldest known temple, dating to 5,000 BC, was in Malta.
Göbekli Tepe is the oldest human-made place of worship yet discovered. Until excavations began, a complex on this scale was not thought possible for a community so ancient. The massive sequence of stratification layers suggests several millennia of activity, perhaps reaching back to the Mesolithic. The oldest occupation layer (stratum III) contains monolithic pillars linked by coarsely built walls to form circular or oval structures. So far, four such buildings, with diameters between 10 and 30m have been uncovered. Geophysical surveys indicate the existence of 16 additional structures. [ Stratum II, dated to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) (7500–6000 BC), has revealed several adjacent rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime, reminiscent of Roman terrazzo floors. The most recent layer consists of sediment deposited as the result of agricultural activity. Around the beginning of the 8th millennium BC 'Potbelly Hill' lost its importance. The advent of agriculture and animal husbandry brought new realities to human life in the area, and the 'stone-age zoo' as Schmidt calls it)depicted on the pillars apparently lost whatever significance it had had for the region's older, foraging, communities. But the complex was not simply abandoned and forgotten, to be gradually destroyed by the elements. Instead, it was deliberately buried under 300 to 500 cubic metres (390 to 650 cu yd) of soil. Why this was done is unknown, but it preserved the monuments for posterity.Known as Göbekli Tepe (pronounced Guh-behk-LEE TEH-peh), the site is vaguely reminiscent of Stonehenge, except that Göbekli Tepe was built much earlier and is made not from roughly hewn blocks but from cleanly carved limestone pillars splashed with bas-reliefs of animals a cavalcade of gazelles, snakes, foxes, scorpions, and ferocious wild boars. The assemblage was built some 11,600 years ago, seven millennia before the Great Pyramid of Giza. It contains the oldest known temple. Indeed, Göbekli Tepe is the oldest known example of monumental architecture—the first structure human beings put together that was bigger and more complicated than a hut. When these pillars were erected, so far as we know, nothing of comparable scale existed in the world. [Based on article (The Birth of Religion / We used to think agriculture gave rise to cities and later to writing, art, and religion. Now the world’s oldest temple suggests the urge to worship sparked civilization.
9,975 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - "Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages.
Uranus-Pluto configurations later than 577 B.C. represent estimated projections only. They are caluclated here by subtracting alternating multiples of 111 and 143 years."
9,945 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune."
"Neptune-Pluto configurations later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only. They are caluclated here by subtracting alternating multiples of 493 years.
9,700 B.C. - African Ice Core Analysis - "A detailed analysis of six cores retrieved from the rapidly shrinking ice fields atop Tanzania's Mount Kilimanjaro shows that those tropical glaciers began to form about 11,700 years ago."
9,610 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -
9,500 B.C. - Syrian Flood? - "The Neolithic site of Abu Hureyra, 40 miles downstream from Jerf el-Ahmar, Syria, was flooded 9,500 - 6,100 B.C.under the waters of the Taqba Dam in the 1970s."
9,500 B.C. - Atlantis Disaster? - "A traditional date when Atlantis 'began' to sink."
When Atlantis was first submerged she only went down deep enough to be awash at low tide so that at low tide mud banks appeared with masses of seaweed which made the Northern Atlantic Ocean impassable. This fact is recorded in the temple histories of Egypt.
9,500 B.C. - Athens Disaster? - "From Egypt we learn that one of the Athenian capital cities, ancient Athens, was destroyed by earthquakes and submerged 11,500 years ago, about the same time that Atlantis was submerged. The Egyptians further tell us that ancient Athens was built 17,000 years ago.
9,500 B.C. - Chinese Agriculture - "Rice cultivation began in China ca. 11,500 years ago, some 3,500 years earlier than previously believed, according to Chinese and Japanese archaeologists who studied 125 samples of rice grains, husks, plant remains, and grain impressions in pottery excavated from more than 100 sites along the Yangtze River. The oldest specimens were from sites on the middle Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan provinces, while samples from both upstream and downstream were dated between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago. Syuichi Toyama, an environmental archaeologist at Japan's Kogakukan University, says the evidence suggests rice cultivation began in the middle Yangtze and spread from there."
9,500 B.C. - North American Mountains - "The various phenomena which are shown throughout the Valley of Mexico today demonstrate without the possibility of controversy that the mountain ranges in North America are not over 11,500 years old, if as much.
The Bible relates that the waters of the 'Flood' rose 26 feet and covered the mountains. In Psalms there is a reference 'before the mountains were raised.' Many of the Central Asiatic tribes date their time from the raising of the Himalayas and mountains of Central Asia. The Zulus claim that they came to South Africa from the north, as their country in the north was ruined by the raising of the mountains.
9,500 B.C. - Human Remains / Alaska - 2011 - "Earliest human remains in U.S. Arctic are reported / 11,500-year-old discovery reveals life and times of early settlers.
9,467 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -
9,452 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto conjunction -
9,000 B.C.